Bethel et al. 1993: 95. Glossed as 'all of it, all of them'. Word class: adjective.
Western Shoshoni:oyon ~ oyosɨn2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 194. Polysemy: 'always / every time / all / every'. Word class: adverb / quantifier. Other forms from the same root: oyoin-tɨn 'all' (quantifier) [ibid.], oyoku(sɨn) ~ oːyoku(sɨn) ~ oːyotɨ(sɨn) 'always / all / every / whole' (adverb / quantifier) [ibid.].
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 180. Word class: noun. Objective form: ku=ttuhsi-ppɨh-a. Alternative candidate: ku=si-ppɨh 'dust / ashes / dusty' (noun / adjective; objective form ku=si-ppɨh-a) [ibid.].
Gosiute:ku=ttuhsi-ppɨh2
Miller 1996: 718. Objective form: ku=ttuhsi-ppɨh-a. Alternative candidate: ku=si-ppɨh 'ashes' [ibid.]. Both forms apparently contain the geminating instrumental prefix ku= 'by heat' [Miller 1996: 702]. This means that they are derived from verbal stems (suffix -ppɨh can form deverbal nouns).
Kawaiisu:kuca-pɨ3
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 218.
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Western Mono:woʔoqaβɨ1
Bethel et al. 1993: 296. Glossed as 'tree bark (generic)'. Word class: noun.
Bethel et al. 1993: 167-168. Glossed as 'stomach'. Word class: noun.
Western Shoshoni:sappɨh2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 202. Glossed as 'stomach, belly'. Word class: noun. Objective form: sappɨh-a. Plural sa=sappɨh.
Gosiute:saːppɨh2
Miller 1996: 718. Objective form: saːppɨh-a.
Kawaiisu:sapɨ-vɨ2
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 264-265. Glossed as 'stomach, tripe'.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Western Mono:paβˈa-tu̥ ~ paːβˈa-tu̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 122. Glossed as 'big (of smaller objects)'. Word class: adjective. Plural: pa=paːβˈa-tu̥. Applied to such objects as 'toad' [Bethel et al. 1993: 118], 'man' [Bethel et al. 1993: 122], 'fish' [Bethel et al. 1993: 126], 'road' [Bethel et al. 1993: 153], 'garden worm' [Bethel et al. 1993: 175], 'hat' [Bethel et al. 1993: 176], 'water oak tree' [Bethel et al. 1993: 185], 'acorn granary' [Bethel et al. 1993: 191], 'fish hook' [Bethel et al. 1993: 230], 'rock (stone)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 244, 259]. Distinct from inoʔˈo-tu̥ 'big, large (of large objects)' (example: 'His house is very big') [Bethel et al. 1993: 39]. Cf. also the nominal and verbal prefix qˈaha- 'big, much' (regarded as an archaic term) [Bethel et al. 1993: 16].
Western Shoshoni:pia2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 198. Polysemy: 'big / large / tall / grand / great'. Word class: adjective. Plural pi=pia. Secondary synonyms: pian-tɨn 'big / large / tall' (adjective; objective pian-t-i, plural pi=pian-tɨn) [ibid.], pia-ppɨh-tɨn 'big / large / tall' (adjective; plural: pi=pia-ppɨ-tɨn) [ibid.].
Gosiute:pia2
Miller 1996: 718.
Kawaiisu:ʔiveː- #3
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 190. Polysemy: 'to be big / be fat'. Examples: 'I saw a big black dog' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 62], 'The rock the man threw was big' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 126]. Alternative candidates: ʔi-voyo- 'big / many' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 190] (example: 'It used to be big, but now it's little' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 23]), woko- 'to be big' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 294]. Cf. also the suffix -vištɨ 'big / much / a lot' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 255].
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Western Mono:ciːpˈaʔ1
Bethel et al. 1993: 254-255. Word class: noun.
Western Shoshoni:kʷiʔnaː2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 180. Word class: noun. Distinct from huiccuː 'sparrow / small bird' [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 175].
Gosiute:kʷinaː #2
Miller 1996: 718. Polysemy: 'big bird / eagle'. Objective form: kʷinaː-i. Alternative candidate: huiccuː 'small bird' (objective form huiccuː-a) [ibid.].
Kawaiisu:wižiki-ži3
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 292.
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Western Mono:kɨ=yɨ-1
Bethel et al. 1993: 51. Word class: transitive verb. Contains the instrumental verbal prefix kɨ- 'with the teeth, with/in the mouth' [Bethel et al. 1993: 47].
Western Shoshoni:kɨ=cciʔah2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 178. Glossed as 'bite once'. Word class: transitive verb. Cf. kɨ=soʔih 'bite many times' (transitive verb) [ibid.]. Both forms contain the geminating instrumental prefix kɨ= 'with the mouth or teeth'.
Gosiute:kɨ=cciʔa2
Miller 1996: 718. Aspirating stem. Contains the geminating instrumental prefix kɨ= 'with the teeth or mouth' [Miller 1996: 702].
Kawaiisu:kiʔi-dɨ3
Klein 1959: 236. As noted in [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 143], this is one of the three words present in [Klein 1959], but absent from the dictionary in [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991]. Surprisingly, an example sentence with this word is found in the grammar section of [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991]: nɨʔɨ puɣuzi-ɣa-yu kiʔi-guː-pɨ=mi 'If I were a dog, I'd bite you' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 89].
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Western Mono:tumoʔanigi- ~ tumuʔanigi-1
Bethel et al. 1993: 265. Glossed as 'to be black'. Word class: intransitive verb. Cf. the morpheme tuhu- in tuhu-tˈɨpi̥ 'black rock' [Bethel et al. 1993: 264].
Western Shoshoni:tuhu-pih-tɨn ~ tuː-pih-tɨn1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 215. Polysemy: 'black / dark'. Word class: adjective. Combining form tuː- (geminating).
Gosiute:tuːn- ~ tuː-1
Miller 1996: 718. Miller only lists the combining form (the second variant is geminating).
Kawaiisu:tuhu-ki- ~ tuhu-kʷi-1
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 286. Glossed as 'to be black'. Contains the adjectival suffix -ki ~ -kʷi [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 214].
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Western Mono:pˈaː-pi̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 121. Word class: noun.
Western Shoshoni:pɨː-ppin1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 197. Word class: noun. Objective form: pɨː-ppi-tta. Combining form pɨː- (geminating).
Not attested properly. The word pizˈiʔ 'breast / milk' [Bethel et al. 1993: 147], judging by its cognates in other Numic languages, probably refers specifically to the female breast.
Western Shoshoni:nɨnka-ppɨh ~ nɨnna-ppɨh1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 191. Glossed as 'chest'. Word class: noun. Objective form: nɨnka-ppɨh-a ~ nɨnna-ppɨh-a. The word pici 'breast' [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 199], judging by its cognates in other Numic languages, probably refers specifically to female breast.
Gosiute:
Not attested properly. The word pici 'breast' (objective form pici-a) [Miller 1996: 718], judging by its cognates in other Numic languages, probably refers specifically to female breast.
Kawaiisu:
Not attested properly. The word pihi-vɨ 'breast' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 253-254], judging by its cognates in other Numic languages, probably refers specifically to female breast.
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Western Mono:tɨ=nai-1
Bethel et al. 1993: 221. Word class: transitive verb. Morphological analysis: tɨ= 'unspecified object' (verbal prefix) [Bethel et al. 1993: 210], naʔi- 'to burn (of fire)' (intransitive verb) [Bethel et al. 1993: 102]. Secondary synonym: pida- 'to burn (something) / make a fire' (transitive/intransitive verb) [Bethel et al. 1993: 140].
Western Shoshoni:kottoːh #2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 179. Polysemy: 'light a fire / make a fire / set on fire / burn'. Word class: transitive verb. Alternative candidate: waihyankan ~ waihyankɨn ~ waihankan 'burn' (transitive verb; plural wai=waihyankɨn) [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 222]. Distinct from waihya ~ waiha 'burn' (intransitive verb; geminating stem; plural wai=waihya (also geminating) [ibid.].
Gosiute:
Not attested properly. Cf. kottoː 'to make a fire' (aspirating stem) [Miller 1996: 718], waihya 'burn (intr.)' (geminating stem) [ibid.].
Kawaiisu:hiɣʷa- ~ huɣʷa- #3
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 204. Glossed as 'to burn'. It is not clear whether this verb is transitive. Other possible candidates are dubious as well: neʔe- 'to burn' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 239] is an intransitive verb; neʔe-tiː-, causative from neʔe- [ibid.], means 'to make a fire'; finally, hina-ki-, listed in the English-Kawaiisu section of the dictionary under 'burn, to' (together with hiɣʷa- and neʔe-) [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 311], is glossed as 'to spill' in the main section of the dictionary [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 204].
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Western Mono:ma=sˈido1
Bethel et al. 1993: 69. Glossed as 'fingernail(s)'. Word class: noun. Contains prefix ma= 'hand'. Distinct from ta=sˈido 'toenails' [Bethel et al. 1993: 203].
Western Shoshoni:ma=sitoːn1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 182. Glossed as 'fingernail'. Word class: noun. Objective form: ma=sitoːn-a. Contains the prefix ma= 'hand'. Distinct from ta=sitoːn 'toenail / claw / hoof' (noun; objective form ta=sitoːn-a; contains ta= 'foot') [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 208].
Bethel et al. 1993: 92. Polysemy: 'ear / type of mushroom (shaped like an ear)'. Word class: noun. Dictionary note: "some people pronounce this word as na_qa' (with a final glottal stop) when referring to the mushroom in order to distinguish it from the meaning "ear"." [ibid.].
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 236. Derived from naɣa- 'to hear, to understand'.
NUMBER:22
WORD:earth
Western Mono:
The words for 'earth' and 'soil' are not attested in [Bethel et al. 1993]. Cf., however, the following two words, translated as 'ground' in example sentences: tɨβˈipɨ̥ 'dirt' [Bethel et al. 1993: 213] ('In the summertime, the ground (tɨβˈipɨ̥) is hard' [Bethel et al. 1993: 90], 'Put it close to the ground (tɨβˈi-na-nˈiya)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 107]); tɨβˈoːpɨ̥ 'the environment / natural surroundings / country(side) / forest' [Bethel et al. 1993: 213] ('The ground (tɨβˈoːpɨ̥) is soaked from the drizzle' [Bethel et al. 1993: 131], 'She threw the (black oak) acorns on the ground (tɨβoː-na-tugu)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 288]).
Western Shoshoni:soko-ppɨh1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 204. Polysemy: 'soil / ground / dirt / earth'. Word class: noun. Objective form: soko-ppɨh-a. Cf. another synonym from the same root: soko-pin 'land / earth / ground' (noun; objective form soko-pi-tta).
Gosiute:soko-ppɨh1
Miller 1996: 718. Objective form: soko-ppɨh-a.
Kawaiisu:tiː-pɨ #2
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 277. Polysemy: 'dirt / earth / world / year'. Alternative candidate: tɨ-bi (archaic variant tɨ-mbi) 'stone, rock / earth' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 277-278]. Cf. the derivational prefix tɨ-vi- 'stone, rock / earth' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 281].
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Western Mono:tɨka-1
Bethel et al. 1993: 219-220. Word class: transitive / intransitive verb. Cf. also the intransitive verb eki- 'to eat acorn' [Bethel et al. 1993: 18-19].
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 244. Possessed form nopo-niʔi-. Cf. the verb nohovi- 'to set (on eggs)' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 243].
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Western Mono:pˈusi̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 156. Polysemy: 'eye / seed / bulb'. Word class: noun. In [Bethel et al. 1993] the words for 'eye' and 'seed, bulb' are given as homonyms, but such polysemy is widely attested in the world's languages.
Bethel et al. 1993: 304. Polysemy: 'fat / grease / fat person'. Word class: noun. Distinct from tˈuhu 'solid fat (the fatty part from deer meat, etc.)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 264].
Western Shoshoni:yuhu1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 225. Glossed as 'grease / oil'. Word class: noun. Objective form: yuhu-i.
Gosiute:yuhu1
Miller 1996: 706. Objective form: yuhu-i [Miller 1996: 714]. Cf. yuhu-pin 'grease' (objective form yuhu-pi-tta) [Miller 1996: 719].
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 223. Polysemy: 'to give / to feed'. The meaning 'give' can also be expressed in Kawaiisu by a construction in which a pronominal base (signifying recipient) suffixed with the postposition -doː ~ -duwa ~ -roː ~ -ruwa ~ -toː ~ -tuwa 'to' is used instead of the verb 'give' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 58].
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Western Mono:cˈau-tu̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 250. Polysemy: 'good / true'. Word class: adjective.
Bethel et al. 1993: 294. Glossed as '(head) hair'. Word class: noun. Derived from wˈoː 'head', q.v. Distinct from sˈuhi 'body hair (other than facial hair)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 188].
Bethel et al. 1993: 132. Word class: transitive verb. Secondary synonym: qoi- 'to kill' (transitive verb) [Bethel et al. 1993: 168]. The only illustrative sentence with qoi- ("A lot of valley quails were killed by the whiteman" [ibid.]) does not contradict the hypothesis that qoi- may be a suppletive plural object stem of paca-.
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 236. Related to naɣa-vi-vi 'ear', q.v.
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Western Mono:haβi-1
Bethel et al. 1993: 23. Glossed as 'to lie down'. Word class: intransitive verb. Example: "My (paternal) grandfather is already lying down now" [ibid.].
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 246. Pollysemy: 'to be long / to be tall'. The suffix -toɣo, lost in compounds, does not occur with any other adjectival root [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 72].
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Western Mono:pusˈiʔa1
Bethel et al. 1993: 156-157. Glossed as 'lice'. Word class: noun.
Western Shoshoni:posia-(cci) ~ pusia-(cci)1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 200. Glossed as 'louse, lice'. Word class: noun.
Gosiute:posia-ccih1
Miller 1996: 719. Objective form: posia-ccih-a. The absolutive suffix -ccih is "used almost entirely with animals, mostly small ones, and bugs" [Miller 1996: 708].
Bethel et al. 1993: 21. Polysemy: 'many / much / a lot of / lots of'. Word class: adjective.
Western Shoshoni:soːn2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 205. Polysemy: 'a lot / lots / much / many'. Word class: quantifier, adverb. Cf. also adjective soːn-tɨn 'many / much / a lot / lots' [ibid.].
Gosiute:soːn ~ soːn-tɨn #2
Miller 1996: 710, 719. Objective form: soːn-t-i. Alternative candidate: tukkumpe 'many' [ibid.].
Kawaiisu:ʔawa-vɨ #1
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 187. Derived from ʔawa- 'to be much, be many' [ibid.]. Alternative candidate: ʔi-voyo 'big / many' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 190].
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Western Mono:tˈɨːnḁ1
Bethel et al. 1993: 219. Word class: noun. Secondary synonym: tˈuku̥ 'flesh (of animals) / fruit, berries, nuts (of plants and trees)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 264].
Western Shoshoni:tukku #2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 216. Polysemy: 'flesh / body / meat'. Word class: noun. Objective form: tukku-i. Alternative candidate: pihɨcih 'meat' (noun; objective form pihɨcih-a) [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 198].
Bethel et al. 1993: 160. Glossed as 'no / not'. Word class: adverb.
Western Shoshoni:ke2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 177. Glossed as 'no / not / don't / doesn't / didn't'.
Gosiute:ke2
Miller 1996: 699.
Kawaiisu:yuw-aː-tɨ3
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 111, 298-299. "Kawaiisu main clauses are negated with the predicate yuwaatɨ 'no' or 'it is not so' ..., which takes the clause it negates as a subject complement". [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 111]. A nominalized form of yuweʔe- ~ yuwaʔi- 'to be not; to be absent' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 299], containing also the negative suffix -aː. "Followed by nominalizing -tɨ ..., -aa is used to form derived nominals (nouns and adjectives), indicating the complete or nearly complete absence of the noun it follows" [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 133].
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Western Mono:sˈɨmɨʔ1
Bethel et al. 1993: 183. Word class: numeral.
Western Shoshoni:sɨmɨ ~ sɨwɨ ~ sɨmmɨ1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 203. Polysemy: 'one / once / continuously / completely, once and for all'. Word class: numeral / adverb. Objective form: sɨmɨʔa ~ sɨwɨʔa ~ sɨmmɨʔa.
Bethel et al. 1993: 108. Polysemy: 'person / Indian / Mono Indian / Mono language / body (of living and non-living objects) / torso / upper body'. Word class: noun. In [Bethel et al. 1993] words for 'person' and 'body' are given as homonyms, but from a diachronic point of view we deal here with polysemy.
Western Shoshoni:nɨmɨ ~ nɨwɨ1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 190. Polysemy: 'person / people / Indian / Shoshoni'. Word class: noun. Objective form: nɨm-i ~ nɨw-i. Plural: nɨmɨnɨːn.
Gosiute:nɨwɨ1
Miller 1996: 719. Polysemy: 'Indian / person'. Objective form: nɨw-i.
Bethel et al. 1993: 8. Glossed as 'to be red (in color)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Contains auxiliary verb -gi- 'to be characterized by (a quality or state)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 22].
Western Shoshoni:enka-pihtɨn1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 171. Word class: adjective.
Miller 1996: 719. Glossed as 'path'. Objective form: poʔai-a.
Kawaiisu:toː-vɨ ~ tovo-vɨ2
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 285. Glossed as 'trail, road'.
NUMBER:68
WORD:root
Western Mono:tɨ=dˈɨna1
Bethel et al. 1993: 214-215. Glossed as 'root, roots'. Word class: noun. Cf. suffixed variant tɨ=dɨnˈa-pɨ̥ 'root / roots / sedge (Carex sp.)' (sedge roots are used for the tan-colored withes in baskets) [Bethel et al. 1993: 215]. Related to tɨ=dˈɨna 'deep' (adverb) [Bethel et al. 1993: 215].
Bethel et al. 1993: 43. Glossed as 'to be round (in shape)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Contains auxiliary verb -gi- 'to be characterized by (a quality or state)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 22].
Western Shoshoni:ponopihtɨn1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 200. Glossed as 'spherical, round'. Word class: adjective. Related to ponoʔih 'be spherical, round' (intransitive verb) [ibid.]. Apart from this word and puinui 'round, circular' (see below), the vocabulary lists popponcanitɨn 'round' (adjective; objective form popponcaniti) [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 200] and punnunkaitɨn 'spherical, perfectly round' (adjective) [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 201]. We choose ponopihtɨn and puinui as main synonyms because their cognates are the main words for 'round' in the closely related Gosiute.
Gosiute:pono1
Miller 1996: 719. Glossed as 'round, spherical'.
Kawaiisu:mudu-ʔni-dɨ #2
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 231. Related to the verb mudu-ki- 'to be spherical' [ibid.]. Alternative candidates: turowa-aka tɨhɨniː- 'to be in a circle, be round' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 287], wokotɨnihi- 'to be round' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 294] (example: 'He taught me that the world was round' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 106]). It is impossible to decide from the available data what the difference is between these words.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round2
Western Mono:
Western Shoshoni:puinui3
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 201. Glossed as 'round, circular'. Word class: adjective.
Miller 1996: 720. Alternative candidate: yɨkkʷi, found in the illustrative sentence "As they (dual) were getting water, one of the women said..." [Miller 1996: 716].
Kawaiisu:meː-4
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 227. According to the analysis given in the dictionary, meː- is a contraction of demonstrative prefix ma- 'one' and root -ya- 'say' (also attested in ha-ni-ya- 'to say what, say something') [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 295]. Cf. sa-meː- 'to say, say thus' from sa-ma- 'the one' (definite marker sa- + demonstrative prefix ma-) [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 263-264].
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Western Mono:poni- ~ puni-1
Bethel et al. 1993: 151. Word class: transitive / intransitive verb.
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 256. Polysemy: 'to see / watch'. Reduplicated form: pɨ-pɨ-keː-. Related to puʔi- 'eye'. Secondary synonym: mehe- 'to find; to see, notice' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 227].
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Western Mono:pˈusi̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 156. Polysemy: 'eye / seed / bulb'. Word class: noun. In [Bethel et al. 1993] words for 'eye' and 'seed, bulb' are given as homonyms, but such polysemy is widely attested in the world's languages.
Bethel et al. 1993: 164-165. Polysemy: 'to sit / stay / live'. Word class: intransitive verb. Cf. yɨkʷitɨgɨ- 'to sit down, be in a sitting position and idle' (intransitive verb; plural subject) [Bethel et al. 1993: 302].
Western Shoshoni:katɨ1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 177. Polysemy: 'sit (down) / stay / remain / land'. Word class: intransitive verb. Geminating stem. Durative: kattɨ. Suppletive plural: yɨkʷi (geminating stem). Cf. another synonym from the same root: katɨkkan 'sit / stay' (intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 192. Singular stem. Suppletive plural stem: ʔo=koʔi- (related to koʔi- 'to kill (pl. obj.)').
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Western Mono:inociciʔˈi-tu̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 38-39. Glossed as 'little, small'. Word class: adjective. Cf. inoʔˈo-tu̥ 'big, large (of large objects)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 39] and diminutive suffix -ciʔ [Bethel et al. 1993: 259].
Bethel et al. 1993: 65. Polysemy: 'that (one) / he, she, it'. Word class: demonstrative pronoun. Morphological analysis: ma- 'that', -hu pronominal base. Oblique form: ma-qa-hˈo-na ~ ma-qa-hˈu-na [Bethel et al. 1993: 68]. Morphological analysis: ma- 'that', -qa- accusative, -ho- ~ -hu- pronominal base, -na oblique. Distinct from anaphoric ˈu-hu 'the one, that one' ("used in reference to information that is already shared between the speaker and hearer(s)") [Bethel et al. 1993: 270]
Western Shoshoni:o-tɨn2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 13-14. Singular subjective form. Objective form: o-kka. Western Shoshoni has a complex demonstrative system. Shoshoni demonstratives are composed of an optional prefix s= 'definite / given information', a demonstrative base indicating relative distance from the speaker or reference point, and a stem ending, indicating case and number. Demonstrative base ma- 'this', indicating given and definite information and nearness, cannot be prefixed with s=. The remaining stems are i- 'this right here', e- 'this nearby' [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 13-14, 171], o- 'that', a- 'that (yonder)' and u- 'that (not visible)'. We list o- 'that' and a- 'that (yonder)' as main synonyms for 'that' (u- is rejected since it indicates an object out of sight).
Gosiute:a-3
Miller 1996: 709. Gosiute demonstratives are composed of an optional prefix s= 'definite / given information', a "proximal prefix" (= Western Shoshoni "demonstrative base") indicating relative distance from the speaker or reference point, and a "demonstrative stem" (= Western Shoshoni "stem ending"), indicating case and number (subjective singular -tɨn, dual -tɨwɨh, plural -tɨːn, objective singular -kka, dual -tɨhi, plural -tiː, possessive singular -kkan, dual -tɨhɨn, plural -tɨːn). The following "proximal prefixes" are listed in [Miller 1996: 709]: s=i-, i- 'near' (s=i-tɨn 'this'), s=e-, e- 'not quite so near' (s=e-tɨn 'this'), s=a-, a- 'far, but in sight' (s=a-tɨn 'that'), s=u-, u- 'not in sight, usually far' (s=u-tɨn 'that'), ma- makes no distinction, so that it covers all the above (ma-tɨn 'this, that'). We choose a- for the Swadesh list, since u- indicates an object out of sight.
Kawaiisu:ma-1
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 46-47. Kawaiisu demonstratives are composed of an optional definite prefix sV= (the vowel copies that of the following morpheme), a deictic element (proximate ʔi-, neutral ma- or distal ʔu-), and a demonstrative base, distinguished for animacy, number, and case. We list neutral deictic element ma- and distal ʔu- as main synonyms for 'that'.
Bethel et al. 1993: 42. Glossed as 'hot'. Word class: adjective. Cf. ɨdɨʔɨ- 'to be hot' (intransitive verb) [ibid.]. Distinct from yuwi- ~ yɨwi- 'to be warm' (intransitive verb) [Bethel et al. 1993: 304].
Bethel et al. 1993: 29. Word class: interrogative pronoun. Dictionary comment: "this term is used for both material and non-material things". Distinct from hˈiːpɨ̥ 'something (material object) / what (interrogative)' (pronoun; oblique form hˈiː-paː) [Bethel et al. 1993: 28-29] and hˈeːti̥ 'what (of non-material objects, such as words and ideas)' (interrogative pronoun) [Bethel et al. 1993: 27].
Bethel et al. 1993: 266. Glossed as 'to be white'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Western Shoshoni:tosa-pihtɨn2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 214. Word class: adjective.
Gosiute:tosa2
Miller 1996: 720.
Kawaiisu:seː-ɣi-3
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 265. Glossed as 'to be white'. Contains adjectival suffix -ɣi [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 214]. Secondary synonyms: ʔavi-ɣi- 'to be milky white in color' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 187]; toso-kʷi- 'to be gray-white' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 285].
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Western Mono:hˈaɣe1
Bethel et al. 1993: 23-24. Word class: interrogative pronoun. Subject form. This pronoun can take the nominal plural suffix -wɨ. Oblique form: haqˈaː [Bethel et al. 1993: 26].
Bethel et al. 1993: 172. Glossed as 'far away, a long distance (not as far in distance as tˈahaniʔipaː)'. Word class: adverb. Alternate candidate: tˈahaniʔipaː 'far away, a long distance (farther in distance than qʷenˈaʔa)' (adverb) [Bethel et al. 1993: 196]
Western Shoshoni:manakkʷah ~ maːnakkʷah #2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 182. Glossed as 'far away / far off / distant / on the other side'. Word class: adverb. Cf. mananku ~ maːnanku ~ manakʷa 'far away / far off / distant / (on) the other side' (adverb / postposition / adjective) [ibid.].
Gosiute:
Not attested.
Kawaiisu:miho ~ miho-tɨ3
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 227. Glossed as 'a long way, far'. Contains -tɨ 'nominalizer'. Secondary synonyms: ʔaːnaɣu- 'to be far away, be unreachable' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 185]; ha-ɣa-vi 'far away' (-vi 'at') and ha-ɣa-vɨ 'far away / high / higher' from ha-ɣa 'what? / where?' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 202].
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Western Mono:naʔnɨkʷɨ-1
Bethel et al. 1993: 103. Glossed as 'to be heavy (in weight)'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 255. Glossed as 'to be heavy'.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Western Mono:
Not attested. Cf. postpositions -βaː 'by, near' [Bethel et al. 1993: 13], -niya 'near, close to' [Bethel et al. 1993: 107], -kɨwaʔaβˈaː 'close to' (this postposition is not suffixed directly to nouns; the oblique case suffix is added to the noun, and the postposition takes a possessive prefix) [Bethel et al. 1993: 51].
Western Shoshoni:miː(sɨn)1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 184. Glossed as 'near, close by'. Word class: adverb. Distinct from tɨkammiː 'close, near' (adjective) [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 210].
Gosiute:
Not attested.
Kawaiisu:
Not attested. Cf. čagici 'nearness' (requires following postposition) [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 197].
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Western Mono:omˈa-βi1
Bethel et al. 1993: 116. Word class: noun. Cf. omaː- 'to salt' (transitive verb) [ibid.].
Not attested properly. Cf. tapociciʔinˈi-tu̥ 'very short in length or height' (adjective) [Bethel et al. 1993: 201].
Western Shoshoni:kɨpihtɨn1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 178. Word class: adjective. Cf. also kɨpi wɨnɨtɨn 'short' (adjective) [ibid.].
Gosiute:
Not attested.
Kawaiisu:toveʔe-piː-či2
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 285.
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Western Mono:
The generic word for 'snake' is not attested. Cf. words for different kinds of snakes: toɣˈoqḁ 'rattlesnake' [Bethel et al. 1993: 232], oʔnokˈiʔ 'kingsnake (Lampropeltis sp.)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 119], pasiɣˈoqḁ 'gopher snake' [Bethel et al. 1993: 130], pasˈugu 'water snake' [Bethel et al. 1993: 131], pataɣˈowaʔ 'a type of water snake (which is long, black on the top and red on the underside)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 132], wainˈusu̥ 'a black snake (which lives in springs)' [Bethel et al. 1993: 274], weʔaqˈai 'racer snake' [Bethel et al. 1993: 282].
The generic word for 'snake' is not attested. Cf. words for different kinds of snakes: toɣowa 'rattlesnake' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 283-284], kaːʔyaɣara 'king snake' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 211], koɣo 'gopher snake' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 216], paː=nahu-zi 'watersnake' [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 249].
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Western Mono:
Not attested properly. Cf. tagiʔaciciʔi- 'to be extremely thin (of solid objects), to be extremely sheer (of fabric)' (intransitive verb) [Bethel et al. 1993: 195-196].
Western Shoshoni:
Not attested properly. Cf. pasam-pɨh 'skinny, thin' (adjective) [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 195]. This word, derived from intransitive verb pasa (geminating stem) 'dry up' [ibid.], apparently means specifically 'skinny'.
Gosiute:
Not attested.
Kawaiisu:ʔani-ɣi-1
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 185. Polysemy: 'to be thin / be frail'. Related to ʔaniʔa 'shell of a seed, egg, nut' [ibid.]. Contains adjectival suffix -ɣi [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 214]. Distinct from ʔoho-yeʔe- 'to be thin' (ʔoho-vɨ 'bone', yeʔe- 'suffer from') [Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 193], which apparently means 'thin (of a person), skinny'.
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Western Mono:hɨkʷˈa-pe̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 31. Word class: noun. Cf. hɨkʷa- ~ hɨqʷa- 'to blow (of wind)' (intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Western Shoshoni:nɨai-ppɨh2
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 190. Word class: noun. Objective form: nɨai-ppɨh-a. Alternate candidates from the same root: nɨai-ppin 'wind' (noun; objective nɨai-ppi-tta) [ibid.], nɨai-tɨn 'wind' (noun; objective nɨai-t-i) [ibid.]. These words are derived from nɨai (geminating stem) 'blow' (intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Gosiute:nɨai-ppɨh2
Miller 1996: 720. Objective form: nɨai-ppɨh-a.
Kawaiisu:neː-dɨ2
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 239. Derived from neː- 'to be windy' [ibid.].
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Western Mono:woʔˈa-βi̥1
Bethel et al. 1993: 295. Polysemy: 'worm / maggot'. Word class: noun. Dictionary comment: "this is a general term which includes all types of worms, caterpillars, maggots, etc.". Cf. the specific term kˈiwaʔ 'angleworm' [Bethel et al. 1993: 47].
Western Shoshoni:woʔa-pin1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 224. Polysemy: 'worm / maggot'. Word class: noun. Objective form: woʔa-pi-tta. Cf. the specific term pahunkʷican 'angleworm' (noun; objective pahunkʷican-a) [Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 194]
Gosiute:woa-pin1
Miller 1996: 720. Objective form: woa-pi-tta.
Kawaiisu:woʔo-vi1
Zigmond, Booth & Munro 1991: 293.
NUMBER:110
WORD:year
Western Mono:tˈoːβe1
Bethel et al. 1993: 234. Word class: noun.
Western Shoshoni:tommo1
Crum, Crum & Dayley 2001: 214. Polysemy: 'winter / in the wintertime / year'. Word class: noun / adverb.
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